Kiwikiu

Description

Kiwikiu or Maui Parrotbill use their large parrot-like beaks to split branches and to extract insect larvae, their primary prey. Adult kiwikiu are 5 to 6 inches long, olive-green above and yellow below, and have short tails and distinctive yellow eye-stripes. Females tend to be less colorful and have smaller bills than males. Immatures are greyish-olive above and pale yellow below with whitish eye-stripes.

Habitat and Behavior

Kiwikiu live as long as 16 years forming socially monogamous pairs that typically produce only a single offspring every year or two. Immature birds remain with their parents for 5-17 months. Pairs occupy home ranges as large as 14.5 hectares (35.8 acres). Kiwikiu is presently restricted to high elevation wet ʻōhiʻa forests on northeastern Maui. They are typically found foraging on branches of native plants like ʻōhiʻa, ‘ākala, koa, ‘ōlapa, pilo, and kanawao. They will also split open berries for insect larvae.

Past and Present

Kiwikiu were formerly found all over Maui and Moloka’i. Now, fewer than 200 individuals are estimated to exist. Their current range is extremely restricted, 2,155 hectares (5,325 acres), but is largely protected within the Hanawī Natural Area Reserve, Haleakalā National Park, and The Nature Conservancy’s Waikamoi Preserve.

Conservation Efforts

Representing a monotypic genus, kiwikiu are listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Factors attributing to the species decline include habitat destruction by humans and feral pigs, predation from introduced predators such as wild cats and mongooses, and avian diseases spread by introduced mosquitoes. Current conservation efforts include monitoring the population distribution and abundance, decreasing invasive species like predators and mosquitoes to help survivorship in the wild, and establishing a conservation breeding population in human care for eventual release back in the wild once disease and mosquitoes have been significantly reduced.